Daniel C. Hackett, Dimitra A. Pefkou, and Phiala E. Shanahan, Gravitational Form Factors of the Proton from Lattice QCD, Phys. Rev. Lett. 132, 251904 – Published 21 June 2024

The proton’s gravitational form factors encode the shape and size as defined from the energy density. This work presents a determination of the flavor decomposition of the proton’s gravitational form factor. It provides first-principles constraints on the role of each constituent in generating key proton structure observables, such as its mechanical radius, mass radius, and pressure distribution.